Evaluation of the Factors Affecting Smile Attractiveness in Patients Seeking Orthodontic Treatment
Document Type : مقالههای پژوهشی
Authors
1 Assistant Professor, Dental Research Center, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
2 Professor, Dental Materials Research Center, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
3 Dental Student, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
4 Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
10.48305/v0i0.1125
Abstract
Introduction: Knowledge about the factors that play a great role in smile attractiveness of subjects seeking orthodontic treatment helps the orthodontist in treatment planning and deciding to refer patients for adjunctive treatments. The aim of this study was to determine which factors influence smile attractiveness in subjects seeking orthodontic treatment.
Materials & Methods: In this cross sectional study ,The sample consisted of 45 smile photographs in frontal view belonging to 45 female patients seeking orthodontic treatment and presenting class I, Class II or class III malocclusions. Sixty laypersons (30 males, 30 females) were asked to assess the attractiveness of smile photographs. Each judge was requested to rate the photographs from 0 to 100 using a visual analog scale (VAS). Afterwards, smile images were entered to "Smile Analyzer" software and the amount of incisor show, gingival display, buccal corridor ratio, smile index, philtrum height and commisure height were measured. Finally, the effect of various features on smile attractiveness was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis.
Results: The linear regression analysis revealed that according to the judgment of males and total female and male raters, philtrum height had a significant influence on smile attractiveness (p value < 0.05). Female judges considered philtrum and commisure heights as two variables contributing to smile attractiveness (p value < 0.05).
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that according to the judgment of laypersons, philtrum height and commisure height have significant effects on smile attractiveness of patients seeking orthodontic treatment, so that smile attractiveness was predictably reduced by decreasing philtrum height and increasing commissure height.
Key words: Smile attractiveness, Orthodontic treatment, Gingival display, Buccal corridor malocclusion, Commisure height, Smile index
Materials & Methods: In this cross sectional study ,The sample consisted of 45 smile photographs in frontal view belonging to 45 female patients seeking orthodontic treatment and presenting class I, Class II or class III malocclusions. Sixty laypersons (30 males, 30 females) were asked to assess the attractiveness of smile photographs. Each judge was requested to rate the photographs from 0 to 100 using a visual analog scale (VAS). Afterwards, smile images were entered to "Smile Analyzer" software and the amount of incisor show, gingival display, buccal corridor ratio, smile index, philtrum height and commisure height were measured. Finally, the effect of various features on smile attractiveness was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis.
Results: The linear regression analysis revealed that according to the judgment of males and total female and male raters, philtrum height had a significant influence on smile attractiveness (p value < 0.05). Female judges considered philtrum and commisure heights as two variables contributing to smile attractiveness (p value < 0.05).
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that according to the judgment of laypersons, philtrum height and commisure height have significant effects on smile attractiveness of patients seeking orthodontic treatment, so that smile attractiveness was predictably reduced by decreasing philtrum height and increasing commissure height.
Key words: Smile attractiveness, Orthodontic treatment, Gingival display, Buccal corridor malocclusion, Commisure height, Smile index
1. Singla S, Lehl G. Smile analysis in orthodontics. Indian Journal of Oral Sciences 2014; 5(2): 49-54.
2. Tung AW, Kiyak HA. Psychological influences on the timing of orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1998; 113(1): 29-39.
3. Gosney MB. An investigation into some of the factors influencing the desire for orthodontic treatment. Br J Orthod 1986; 13(2): 87-94.
4. Cunningham SJ, O’Brien C. Quality of life and orthodontics. Seminars in Orthodontics 2007: 13(2): 96-103.
5. Jacobson A. Psychological aspects of dentofacial esthetics and orthognathic surgery. Angle Orthod 1984; 54(1): 18-35.
6. Janson G, Branco NC, Fernandes TM, Sathler R, Garib D, Lauris JR. Influence of orthodontic treatment, midline position, buccal corridor and smile arc on smile attractiveness. Angle Orthod 2011; 81(1): 153-61.
7. Pinho S, Ciriaco C, Faber J, Lenza MA. Impact of dental asymmetries on the perception of smile esthetics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007; 132(6): 748-53.
8. Abu Alhaija ES, Al-Shamsi NO, Al-Khateeb S. Perceptions of Jordanian laypersons and dental professionals to altered smile aesthetics. Eur J Orthod 2011; 33(4): 450-6.
9. Tjan AHL, Miller GD, Josephine GP. Some esthetic factors in a smile. DJ Prosthet Dent 1984; 51(1): 24-8.
10. Soh J, Chew MT, Chan YH. Perceptions of dental esthetics of Asian orthodontists and laypersons. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006; 130(2): 170-6.
11. Heravi F, Moradi A, Ahrari F. The effect of low level laser therapy on the rate of tooth movement and pain perception during canine retraction. Oral Health Dent Manag 2014; 13(2): 183-8.
12. Machado AW, McComb RW, Moon W, Gandini LG Jr. Influence of the vertical position of maxillary central incisors on the perception of smile esthetics among orthodontists and laypersons. J Esthet Restor Dent 2013; 25(6): 392-401.
13. Krishnan V, Daniel ST, Lazar D, Asok A. Characterization of posed smile by using visual analog scale, smile arc, buccal corridor measures, and modified smile index. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 133(4): 515-23.
14. McNamara L, McNamara JA Jr, Ackerman MB, Baccetti T. Hard-and soft-tissue contributions to the esthetics of the posed smile in growing patients seeking orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008; 133(4): 491-9.
15. Oumeish OY. The cultural and philosophical concepts of cosmetics in beauty and art through the medical history of mankind. Clin Dermatol 2001; 19(4): 375-86.
16. Schabel BJ, Franchi L, Baccetti T, McNamara JA Jr. Subjective vs objective evaluations of smile esthetics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009; 135(4 Suppl): S72-9.
17. Işıksal E, Hazar S, Akyalçın S. Smile esthetics: perception and comparison of treated and untreated smiles. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006; 129(1): 8-16.
18. Rosa M, Olimpo A, Fastuca R, Caprioglio A. Perceptions of dental professionals and laypeople to altered dental esthetics in cases with congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors. Prog Orthod 2013; 14: 34.
19. Cracel-Nogueira F, Pinho T. Assessment of the perception of smile esthetics by laypersons, dental students and dental practitioners. International Orthodontics 2013; 11(4): 432-44.
20. Gul-e-Erum, Fida M. Changes in smile parameters as perceived by orthodontists, dentists, artists, and laypeople. World J Orthod 2008; 9(2): 132-40.
21. Geron S, Atalia W. Influence of sex on the perception of oral and smile esthetics with different gingival display and incisal plane inclination. Angle Orthod 2005; 75(5): 778-84.
22. Ritter DE, Gandini LG, Pinto Ados S, Locks A. Esthetic influence of negative space in the buccal corridor during smiling. Angle Orthod 2006; 76(2): 198-203.
23. Parekh S, Fields HW, Beck FM, Rosenstiel SF. The acceptability of variations in smile arc and buccal corridor space. Orthod Craniofac Res 2007; 10(1): 15-21.
24. Moore T, Southard KA, Casko JS, Qian F, Southard TE. Buccal corridors and smile esthetics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 127(2): 208-13.
25. Parekh SM, Fields HW, Beck M, Rosenstiel S. Attractiveness of variations in the smile arc and buccal corridor space as judged by orthodontists and laymen. The Angle Orthodontist 2006; 76(4): 557-63.
26. Tikku T, Khanna R, Maurya RP, Ahmad N. Role of buccal corridor in smile esthetics and its correlation with underlying skeletal and dental structures. Indian Journal of Dental Research 2012; 23(2): 187-94.
27. Graber LW, Vanarsdall RL, Katherine WL. Orthodontics: current principles and techniques. 5th ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2011.
28. Ahrari F, Heravi F, Rashed R, Zarrabi MJ, Setayesh Y. Which factors affect dental esthetics and smile attractiveness in orthodontically treated patients? J Dent (Tehran) 2015; 12(7): 491-503.
)