Reliability and Validity of the RMS Pictorial Scale in Comparison with Facial Image Scale and Venham Picture Test for Assessment of Child Anxiety
Document Type : Original Articles
Authors
1 Dental Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
2 Dentist, Shiraz, Iran.
3 Postgraduate Student, Department of Pedodontics, School of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran.
10.48305/v0i0.1389
Abstract
Introduction: Measurement of child anxiety during dental treatment is a challenge during the procedure. Several questionnaires have been developed to assess child anxiety, some of which are pictorial to facilitate their application in children. The aim of the current study was to evaluate validity of new RMS pictorial questionnaire and to compare it with previous scales, including Venham Picture Test (VPT) and Facial Image Scale (FIS), to assess child dental anxiety during their first visit in a dental office.
Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 10 children in Shiraz in 2016, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The children's anxiety was evaluated by RMS-PS, VPT and FIS questionnaires. To assess reliability, questionnaires were given to the children at a two-week interval. Data were analyzed with t-test and regression correlation test (α = 0.05).
Results: Age and gender had no effect on children's anxiety, but in the presence of preoperative pain, anxiety was significantly higher. RMS had a moderate (r = 0.622) and significant (p value < 0.001) correlation with VPT questionnaire and a good (r = 0.700) and significant (p value < 0.001) correlation with the FIS questionnaire. In addition, the relationship between FIS and VPT questionnaires was moderate (r = 0.623) and significant (p value < 0.001).
Conclusion: The results showed that RMS questionnaire is not reliable. However, it was valid compared to FIS and VPT questionnaires. Therefore, RMS can be used to indicate child dental anxiety as a proper tool.
Key words: Anxiety, Dental Treatment, Pediatric Dentistry.
Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 10 children in Shiraz in 2016, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The children's anxiety was evaluated by RMS-PS, VPT and FIS questionnaires. To assess reliability, questionnaires were given to the children at a two-week interval. Data were analyzed with t-test and regression correlation test (α = 0.05).
Results: Age and gender had no effect on children's anxiety, but in the presence of preoperative pain, anxiety was significantly higher. RMS had a moderate (r = 0.622) and significant (p value < 0.001) correlation with VPT questionnaire and a good (r = 0.700) and significant (p value < 0.001) correlation with the FIS questionnaire. In addition, the relationship between FIS and VPT questionnaires was moderate (r = 0.623) and significant (p value < 0.001).
Conclusion: The results showed that RMS questionnaire is not reliable. However, it was valid compared to FIS and VPT questionnaires. Therefore, RMS can be used to indicate child dental anxiety as a proper tool.
Key words: Anxiety, Dental Treatment, Pediatric Dentistry.
1. Klingberg G, Broberg AG. Dental fear/anxiety and dental behaviour management problems in children and adolescents: a review of prevalence and concomitant psychological factors. Int J Pediatric Den 2007; 17(6): 391-406.
2. Suprabha BS, Rao A, Choudhary S, Shenoy R. Child dental fear and behavior: the role of environmental factors in a hospital cohort. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2011; 29(2): 95-101.
3. Kleinknecht RA, Klepac RK, Alexander LD. Origins and characteristics of fear of dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc 1973; 86(4): 842-8.
4. Clinical Affairs Committee-Behavior Management Subcommittee, American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guideline on behavior guidance for the pediatric dental patient. Pediatr Dent 2015; 37(5): 57-70.
5. Wong HM, Humphris GM, Lee GT. Preliminary validation and reliability of the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale. Psychol Rep 1998; 83(3 Pt 2): 1179-86.
6. Ramos-Jorge J, Marques LS, Homem MA, Paiva SM, Ferreira MC, Oliveira Ferreira F, et al. Degree of dental anxiety in children with and without toothache: prospective assessment. Int J Paediatr Dent 2013; 23(2): 125-30.
7. Shetty RM, Khandelwal M, Rath S. RMS Pictorial Scale (RMS-PS): an innovative scale for the assessment of child's dental anxiety. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2015; 33(1): 48-52.
8. Buchanan H, Niven N. Validation of a facial image scale to assess child dental anxiety. Int J Paediatr Dent 2002; 12(1): 47-52.
9. Davis TE 3rd, May A, Whiting SE. Evidence-based treatment of anxiety and phobia in children and adolescents: current status and effects on the emotional response. Clin Psychol Rev 2011; 31(4): 592-602.
10. Venham LL, Gaulin-Kremer E, Munster E, Bengston-Audia D, Cohan J. Interval rating scales for children’s dental anxiety and uncooperative behavior. Pediatr Dent 1980; 2(3): 195-202.
11. Aartman IH, van Everdingen TA, Hoogstraten J, Schuurs AH. Appraisal of behavioural measurement techniques for assessing dental anxiety and fear in children: A review. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 1996; 18: 153-71.
12. Christophorou S, Lee G, Humphris G. The reliability and validity of the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale: a study of Greek Cypriot school children. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2000; 1(2): 75-81.
13. Folayan MO, Kolawale KA. A critical appraisal of the use of tools for assessing dental fear in children. African Journal of Oral Health 2004; 1(1): 54-63.
14. van Maanen EJ, van Dinter N, Versloot J, Veerkamp J. Fear of dental treatment among children. Influence of experience and psychological functioning. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 2009; 116(1): 3-8.
15. Versloot J, Veerkamp J, Hoogstraten J. Dental anxiety and psychological functioning in children: its relationship with behaviour during treatment. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2008; 9(Suppl 1): 36-40.
16. Krikken JB, Ten Cate JM, Veerkamp JS. Child dental fear and general emotional problems: a pilot study. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2010; 11(6): 283-6.
17. Kyritsi MA, Dimou G, Lygidakis NA. Parental attitudes and perceptions affecting children's dental behaviour in Greek population. A clinical study. Eur Arch Paediatric Denti 2009; 10(1): 29-32.
18. Jones LM, Buchanan H. Assessing children's dental anxiety in New Zealand. N Z Dent J 2010; 106(4): 132-6.
19. Skaret E, Raadal M, Berg E, Kvale G. Dental anxiety and dental avoidance among 12 to 18 year olds in Norway. Eur J Oral Sci 1999; 107(6): 422-8.
20. Folayan MO, Idehen EE, Ojo OO. The modulating effect of culture on the expression of dental anxiety in children: a literature review. Int J Paediatric Dent 2004; 14(4): 241-5.
21. Menon I, Nagarajappa R, Ramesh G, Tak M. Parental stress as a predictor of early childhood caries among preschool children in India. Int J Paediatr Dent 2013; 23(3): 160-5.
)