Journal of Isfahan Dental School

Antimicrobial Activity of Avocado Leaf Extract in Subjects with Poor Oral Hygiene: an in Vitro Study

Document Type : مقاله‌های پژوهشی

Authors

1 Dentist, Isfahan, Iran.

2 Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.

3 Postgraduate, Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction: It is necessary to search for new antimicrobial agents of herbal origin for control of oral infectious diseases such as dental caries and periodontal diseases. This study assessed the antimicrobial activity of the extract of avocado leaves against oral cavity microorganisms.
Materials & methods: In this in vitro study, ethanol extracts of avocado leaves were prepared at 25%, 50% and 100% concentrations. In five patients with poor oral hygiene (O’Leary's plaque index > 60%: color changes of more than 60% of total dental surfaces after chewing disclosing agent tablets), samples of the oral flora were collected with sterile cotton swabs and cultured in tubes containing nutrient broth. The antimicrobial efficacy of avocado leaf extracts and controls (0.12% chlorhexidine and distilled water) was evaluated using disc diffusion method (5 disks for each group) on agar plates. The antimicrobial efficacy was measured in terms of zone of inhibition (mm). Data were analyzed with SPSS 17, using ANOVA and Tukey test (p value < 0.05).
Results: The inhibition zones were 14, 15 and 17.5 mm for 25%, 50% and 100% avocado extracts, respectively (p value < 0.001). The avocado extracts exhibited greater inhibition zone compared to chlorhexidine (9 mm) and distilled water (6 mm) (p value < 0.001).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the leaf extracts of avocado have antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens and can be used as an antimicrobial agent in oral hygiene products.
Key words: Chlorhexidine, Microbiota, Persea Americana.

1. Gupta D, Nayan S, Tippanawar HK, Patil GI, Jain A, Momin RK, et al. Are herbal mouthwash efficacious over chlorhexidine on the dental plaque? Pharmacognosy Res 2015; 7(3): 277-81.
2. Saleem HG, Seers CA, Sabri AN, Reynolds EC. Dental plaque bacteria with reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine are multidrug resistant. BMC Microbiol 2016 15; 16: 214.
3. Sharma R, Hebbal M, Ankola AV, Murugaboopathy V, Shetty SJ. Effect of two herbal mouthwashes on gingival health of school children. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 4(4): 272-8.
4. Arora V, Tangade P, T L R, Tirth A, Pal S, Tandon V. Efficacy of dental floss and chlorhexidine mouth rinse as an adjunct to toothbrushing in removing plaque and gingival inflammation - a three way cross over trial. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8(10): ZC01-4.
5. Rode Sde M, Gimenez X, Montoya VC, Gomez M, Blanc SL, Medina M, et al. Daily biofilm control and oral health: consensus on the epidemiological challenge--Latin American Advisory Panel. Braz Oral Res 2012; 26(Suppl 1): 133-43.
6. Teles RP, Teles FR. Antimicrobial agents used in the control of periodontal biofilms: effective adjuncts to mechanical plaque control? Braz Oral Res 2009; 23(Suppl 1): 39-48.
7. van der Weijden FA, van der Sluijs E, Ciancio SG, Slot DE. Can chemical mouthwash agents achieve plaque/gingivitis control? Dent Clin North Am 2015; 59(4): 799-829.
8. Talebi S, Sabokbar A, Riazipour M, Saffari M. Comparison of the in vitro effect of chemical and herbal mouthwashes on candida albicans. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7(12): e12563.
9. Naiktari RS, Gaonkar P, Gurav AN, Khiste SV. A randomized clinical trial to evaluate and compare the efficacy of triphala mouthwash with 0.2% chlorhexidine in hospitalized patients with periodontal diseases. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2014; 44(3): 134-40.
10. Pedrazzi V, Leite MF, Tavares RC, Sato S, do Nascimento GC, Issa JP. Herbal mouthwash containing extracts of Baccharis dracunculifolia as agent for the control of biofilm: clinical evaluation in humans. Scientific World Journal. 2015; 2015: 712683.
11. Amooian B, Silakhori M. Efficacy of Persica mouthwash on plaque-induced gingivitis. JBUMS 2004; 6(5): 7-11.
12. Vangipuram S, Jha A, Bhashyam M. Comparative efficacy of aloe vera mouthwash and chlorhexidine on periodontal health: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Exp Dent 2016; 8(4): e442-e447.
13. Pradeep AR, Suke DK, Martande SS, Singh SP, Nagpal K, Naik SB. Triphala, a New Herbal Mouthwash for the Treatment of Gingivitis: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Periodontol 2016; 87(11): 1352-9.
14. Gomes CE, Cavalcante DG, Filho JE, da Costa FN, da Silva Pereira SL. Clinical effect of a mouthwash containing Anacardium occidentale Linn. On plaque and gingivitis control: A randomized controlled trial. Indian J Dent Res 2016; 27(4): 364-9.
15. Pradeep AR, Agarwal E, Bajaj P, Naik SB, Shanbhag N, Uma SR. Clinical and microbiologic effects of commercially available gel and powder containing Acacia Arabica on gingivitis. Aust Dent J 2012; 57(3): 312-8.
16. Yasir M, Das S, Kharya MD. The phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Persea Americana Mill. Pharmacogn Rev 2010; 4(7): 77-84.
17. Falodun A, Imieje V, Erharuyi O, Ahomafor J, Jacob MR, Khan SI, et al. Evaluation of three medicinal plant extracts against Plasmodium falciparum and selected microganisms. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2014; 11(4): 142-6.
18. Fulgoni VL 3rd, Dreher M, Davenport AJ. Avocado consumption is associated with better diet quality and nutrient intake, and lower metabolic syndrome risk in US adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2008. Nutr J 2013; 12: 1.
19. Lerman-Garber I, Ichazo-Cerro S, Zamora-Gonzalez J, Cardoso-Saldaña G, Posadas-Romero C. Effect of a high-monounsaturated fat diet enriched with avocado in NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care 1994; 17(4): 311-5.
20. Lopez Ledesma R, Frati Munari AC, Hernandez Dominguez BC, Cervantes Montalvo S, Hernandez Luna MH, Juarez C, et al. Monounsaturated fatty acid (avocado) rich diet for mild hypercholesterolemia. Arch Med Res 1996; 27(4): 519-23.
21. Christiansen BA, Bhatti S, Goudarzi R, Emami S. Management of osteoarthritis with avocado/soybean unsaponifiables. Cartilage 2015; 6(1): 30-44.
22. de Oliveira AP, Franco Ede S, Rodrigues Barreto R, Cordeiro DP, de Melo RG, de Aquino CM, E Silva AA, et al. Effect of semisolid formulation of persea americana mill (avocado) oil on wound healing in rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 2013: 472382.
23. Rodriguez-Sanchez DG, Flores-Garcia M, Silva-Platas C, Rizzo S, Torre-Amione G, de la Peña-Diaz A, et al. Isolation and chemical identification of lipid derivatives from avocado (Persea americana) pulp with antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities. Food Funct 2015; 6(1): 193-203.
24. Rosas-Piñon Y, Mejia A, Diaz-Ruiz G, Aguilar MI, Sanchez-Nieto S, Rivero-Cruz JF. Ethnobotanical survey and antibacterial activity of plants used in the Altiplane region of Mexico for the treatment of oral cavity infections. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 141(3): 860-5.
25. Prasko, Irmanita Wiradona, Suwarsono. Using avocado leaves to prevent streptococcus viridans’ inhibition in growing caries in mouth. ARC Journal of Surgery 2017; 3(3): 5-7.
26. Jesus D, Oliveira JR, Oliveira FE, Higa KC, Junqueira JC, Jorge AO, et al. Persea americana glycolic extract: in vitro study of antimicrobial activity against candida albicans biofilm and cytotoxicity evaluation. Scientific World Journal 2015; 2015: 531972.
27. Newman MG, Carranza FA, Takei H. Clinical periodontology. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2011. p. 512.
28. Dabholkar CS, Shah M, Kathariya R, Bajaj M, Doshi Y. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial activity of pomegranate-containing mouthwash against oral-biofilm forming organisms: an in vitro microbial study. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10(3): ZC65-9.
29. Watanabe E, Nascimento AP, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Razaboni AM, de Andrade D, Tanomaru-Filho M. Antiseptic mouthwashes: in vitro antibacterial activity. Acta Odontol Latinoam 2015; 28(2): 180-4.
30. Lakade LS, Shah P, Shirol D. Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine and combination mouth rinse in reducing the Mutans streptococcus count in plaque. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2014; 32(2): 91-6.
31. Mathew J, Pathrose S, Kottoor J, Karaththodiyil R, Alani M, Mathew J. Evaluation of an indigenously prepared herbal extract (EndoPam) as an antimicrobial endodontic irrigant: an ex vivo study. J Int Oral Health 2015; 7(6): 88-91.
32. Gunjal S, Ankola AV, Bhat K. In vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Morus alba leaf against periodontal pathogens. Indian J Dent Res 2015; 26(5): 533-6.
33. Darvishi Khezri H, Haidari Gorji MA, Morad A, Gorji H. Comparison of the antibacterial effects of matrica & Persica™ and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwashes in mechanically ventilated ICU patients: a double blind randomized clinical trial. Rev Chilena Infectol 2013; 30(4): 361-73.
34. Moeintaghavi A, Arab H, Khajekaramodini M, Hosseini R, Danesteh H, Niknami H. In vitro antimicrobial comparison of chlorhexidine, persica mouthwash and miswak extract. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012; 13(2): 147-52.
35. Guzman-Rodriguez JJ, Lopez-Gomez R, Suarez-Rodriguez LM, Salgado-Garciglia R, Rodriguez-Zapata LC, Ochoa-Zarzosa A, et al. Antibacterial activity of defensin PaDef from avocado fruit (Persea americana var. drymifolia) expressed in endothelial cells against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013: 986273.
36. Salinas-Salazar C, Hernandez-Brenes C, Rodriguez-Sanchez DG, Castillo EC, Navarro-Silva JM, Pacheco A. Inhibitory Activity of Avocado Seed Fatty Acid Derivatives (Acetogenins) Against Listeria Monocytogenes. J Food Sci 2017; 82(1): 134-44.
37. Raymond Chia TW, Dykes GA. Antimicrobial activity of crude epicarp and seed extracts from mature avocado fruit (Persea Americana) of three cultivars. Pharm Biol 2010; 48(7): 753-6.
38. Rasheed MU, Thajuddin N. Effect of medicinal plants on Moraxella cattarhalis. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2011; 4(2): 133-6.
39. Lu YC, Chang HS, Peng CF, Lin CH, Chen IS. Secondary metabolites from the unripe pulp of Persea americana and their antimycobacterial activities. Food Chem 2012; 135(4): 2904-9.
40. Rodriguez-Sanchez DG, Pacheco A, Garcia-Cruz MI, Gutierrez-Uribe JA, Benavides-Lozano JA, Hernandez-Brenes C. Isolation and structure elucidation of avocado seed (Persea americana) lipid derivatives that inhibit Clostridium sporogenes endospore germination. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61(30): 7403-11.
41. Falodun A, Imieje V, Erharuyi O, Ahomafor J, Jacob MR, Khan SI, et al. Evaluation of three medicinal plant extracts against Plasmodium falciparum and selected microganisms. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2014; 11(4): 142-6.
42. Leite JJ, Brito EH, Cordeiro RA, Brilhante RS, Sidrim JJ, Bertini LM, et al. Chemical composition, toxicity and larvicidal and antifungal activities of Persea americana (avocado) seed extracts. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2009; 42(2): 110-3.
43. Jimenez-Arellanes A, Luna-Herrera J, Ruiz-Nicolas R, Cornejo-Garrido J, Tapia A, Yepez-Mulia L. Antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of Persea americana seeds. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013; 13: 109.
44. Paoletti I, Buommino E, Fusco A, Baudouin C, Msika P, Tufano MA, Baroni A, Donnarumma G. Patented natural avocado sugar modulates the HBD-2 and HBD-3 expression in human keratinocytes through toll-like receptor-2 and ERK/MAPK activation. Arch Dermatol Res 2012; 304(8): 619-25.
Journal of Isfahan Dental School
Volume 14, Issue 4 - Serial Number 4
October 2018
Pages 410-418